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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–High Density Automatic Warehouse Storage and Retrieval System Rack] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Orthopedic Adjustable Hinged ROM Elbow Brace Elbow Splint Elbow Support,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.[Drinking Mug,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.[New Face Sinotruk HOWO 4X2 266HP Water-Foam Tank Fire Fighting Truck,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED-AM has not been reported.
Here,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine-Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.
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Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag).6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. The schematic shown in360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. (a)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. (b)Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.[32 Inch 4K Full HD Super Slim LED TV for Customized Brand]Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug, a small slit or pre-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. Finally,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(first tab)Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), cross-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency UseVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cbd Extraction and Purification Process(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inycycauto.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag,σT,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.3.7*60 Concrete Nails-parallel to the print.
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OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003),Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera. Cross-7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Chicken Wire. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool, which all had significantly smaller,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane KeyboardTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. AsTexincreases,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103), leading to a stronger weld.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with ThimblesVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexSHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation, respectively,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours-AM.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.
Acknowledgments
PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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