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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–yuyancable] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Comfortable Public Furniture Theater Seating Chair for Sale (OC-161),Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.[Elastic Band With Hook And Loop,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.[www.realtopmachinery.com,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.
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2.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price
European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, with the extruder moving from left to right (Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig).Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. The schematic shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. (a)Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. (b)2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.[SGS Good Stability Organic Chicken Feed Line]Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, a small slit or pre-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. Finally,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)(first tab)Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, cross-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover CapVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inKeep Fitness New Product Medical Health Care BMI Calculator (BMI-010). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108,σT,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-parallel to the print.
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Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. Cross-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWindow Son Lapel Pin. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts, which all had significantly smaller,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Digital Ultrasonic Soldering MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. AsTexincreases,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell, leading to a stronger weld.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial UseVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexPharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIsolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV SocketσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override, respectively,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
4 Conclusions
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge-AM.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.
Acknowledgments
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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