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Addit Manuf.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Led Bulb Parts For Assembling

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Abstract

Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity–Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors–Dl Aluminum Crimp Types Cable Terminal Lugs] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.[China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings– Retail Shop Glass Display] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.[Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Wave - Copper Bangle Fashion Unique Bracelet Jewelry,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.[New Design Women PU Leather Crossbody Clutch Bag (XR0718),All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel–S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel]Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Semi Wheel Hubs,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar] However,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-AM has not been reported.

Here,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner-Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.

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2.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels

Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(MakerBot IndustriesPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle).Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables. The schematic shown inElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. (a)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. (b)Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.[Professional Fruit Drying Equipment Fruit Dryer Machine Industrial Fruit Dehydrator]Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, a small slit or pre-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. Finally,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(first tab)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, cross-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single UseVex.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inTqd Series Belt Caterpillar/Haul off for Cable Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGalvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine).Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,σT,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(see Section 2.3).[Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-parallel to the print.

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Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651),Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. Cross-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.3, and are displayed inDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustomized Oem Golf Cap. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, which all had significantly smaller,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk QuiltTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. AsTexincreases,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie, leading to a stronger weld.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD DisplayVexas shown inMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. The influence ofTexandVexCommercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging LabelsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harnesswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes/or extrusion.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer)).Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe, respectively,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.

4 Conclusions

Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit-AM.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.

Acknowledgments

Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray][1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil]
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