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Addit Manuf.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Shantui SD32 Crawler Bulldozer with Three-Tooth Ripper for Sale

Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment

Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building,a,‡Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory,b9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts,aandCentrifugal Inline Fana,*
Shooting Fastener

Associated Data

Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings

Abstract

Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–Dental Bib Dental Bib Apron Roll Disposable Baby Bibs Roll] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,China Sliding window and door,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.[10awg pv power adapter,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.[100 Polyester Embroidery Table Cloth High Quality Supplier,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-AM has not been reported.

Here,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.

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2.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure

Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)).Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. The schematic shown inPublic Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. (a)OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. (b)PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.[Ionizing Air Gun]Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, a small slit or pre-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. Finally,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers(first tab)Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, cross-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall PanelVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.fq-laser.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,σT,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Aluminium Blind Rivets.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-parallel to the print.

3.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)

Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT. Cross-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.yxmembrane.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel, which all had significantly smaller,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. AsTexincreases,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover, leading to a stronger weld.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10Vexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVexElectric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel LightingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet/or extrusion.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder)).Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, respectively,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.

4 Conclusions

2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.FRP Profile Made in China,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.

Installation Bracket

Supplementary Material

Tear Video

Acknowledgments

16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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