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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag–Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags–Bespoke Zirconia Oxide Balls] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10.4inch Industrial Tablet.[2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter–Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.[EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,Cooler Bag,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[Blood Oxygen Spo2 Device,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer–Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)]Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Chocolate Gift Box,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle] However,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-AM has not been reported.
Here,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Croygenic Lift Check Valve-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.
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18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(MakerBot IndustriesOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, with the extruder moving from left to right (Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair).Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. The schematic shown in1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).
AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. (a)Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. (b)High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.[Medical Clinical Oral Glass Mercury Thermometer Ce Certificated]Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, a small slit or pre-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. Finally,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(first tab)Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, cross-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for KidsVex.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWood Cutting Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in3.7*60 Concrete Nails).Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,σT,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arJuice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(see Section 2.3).[PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-parallel to the print.
3.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper
3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. Cross-Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.3, and are displayed inMatel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSEAT. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, which all had significantly smaller,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. AsTexincreases,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel, leading to a stronger weld.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)Vexas shown in40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVex1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.
European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction HoseσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag/or extrusion.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve)).Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDiscount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, respectively,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.
4 Conclusions
Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine-AM.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.
Acknowledgments
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
