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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)–Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet–m.rfidfs.net] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.[Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump– RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,Cleanser Bottles,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.[Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen–Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch]Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.[China 12v Fuel Transfer Pump,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter] However,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.
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TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(MakerBot IndustriesODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, with the extruder moving from left to right (Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device).All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. (a)Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding. (b)Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.[Genetics Slides Manufacturers Cheap Price]Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, a small slit or pre-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Finally,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp(first tab)1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, cross-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene FittingsVex.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Low Carbon Galvanized Barbed Wire. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m,σT,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(see Section 2.3).[Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running ShoesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in Plastic Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). AsTexincreases,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function, leading to a stronger weld.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer MachineVexas shown inCjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The influence ofTexandVexYANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare PartsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Salewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.LED Module 25W 3000K.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head-AM.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.
Acknowledgments
Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
