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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–Glass Aroma Diffuser Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Electrical Plastic PVC Cable Channeling Cable Duct,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.[H12w Check Valve,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.[Penguin Shaped Glass Ornament,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.
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2.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress
China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306).Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The schematic shown in2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.[2019 Newest Pet Hair Clipper Straight Elbow Dog Grooming Scissors Cat Ear Cleaning Shears]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, a small slit or pre-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Finally,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory(first tab)T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card, cross-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Needle for Crochet MachineVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutomatic Sensor Sun Light UV LED Nail Lamp for Nail Gel Curing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,σT,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arExtruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby-parallel to the print.
3.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery
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Representative cross-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement DoorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. AsTexincreases,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale, leading to a stronger weld.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)Vexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVex2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel CapsulesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent/or extrusion.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak(Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting)).600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer, respectively,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
4 Conclusions
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle-AM.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
