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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ HiFi Music TV–AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder–1*2 Fiber Splitter Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.[Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement–2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).[Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,Modern Furniture Table Dining Room Furniture Dining Table for Bar,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.[Dumbwaiter Lift,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)–China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry]Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.[Cbb65 Capacitor 450vac,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay] However,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones -AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.
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1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(MakerBot Industries50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube).Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. The schematic shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. (a)High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding. (b)5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.[ASTM Structure Wide Flange Galvanized Iron Steel H Beam]Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel, a small slit or pre-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. Finally,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat(first tab)OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, cross-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby PacifierVex.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48Vshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.unitecblinds.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office).Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,σT,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(see Section 2.3).[High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-parallel to the print.
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Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container. Cross-Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.3, and are displayed inCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Price PVC Coated Fiberglass Mesh Insect Window Screen. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment, which all had significantly smaller,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or SilverTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBest Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Aluminium Blind Rivets. AsTexincreases,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite, leading to a stronger weld.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal FanVexas shown inQ67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPlastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOTσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lampwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie/or extrusion.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel)).E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inElephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070, respectively,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
4 Conclusions
LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-AM.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
