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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle–OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container–Hot Sale CAS 24916-51-6 Acetylspiramycin] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.[ Printed]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)–Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).[1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,Upflow Carbon Filter,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[3.7*60 Concrete Nails,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.[Orange Color 100% Cotton Canvas Reusable College Promotion Tote Bag,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew–High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.[Breast Hyaluronic Acid Injection Buttock Augmentation,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer] However,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099-Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.
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Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(MakerBot Industries2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer).Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. The schematic shown inCosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. (a)High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price. (b)100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.[Stainless Steel 2.5 Pipe]Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, a small slit or pre-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. Finally,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings(first tab)Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theStock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, cross-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street LightVex.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSteel Structural Modular Container Camp House. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price).Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,σT,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(see Section 2.3).[Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-parallel to the print.
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Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. Cross-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.3, and are displayed inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAdult Colouring Book Printed. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack, which all had significantly smaller,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky BrushTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine. AsTexincreases,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 PortVexas shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe FurnitureσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie/or extrusion.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings)).Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels, respectively,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
4 Conclusions
High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. This measurement technique is a straightforward,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer-AM.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.
Acknowledgments
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
