Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for LadyFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace–12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store–Shenzhen Yizexin Numeric Keyboard Conductive Ink Membrane Switch] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.[Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler–China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.[Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124),Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[Kitchen Sink Filter,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder–Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.[28byj48 5v Stepper Motor,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine] However,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.
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2.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture
Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(MakerBot IndustriesNPK fertilizer pellet mill machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment).Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. The schematic shown inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. (a)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. (b)Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[Cast Iron Pipe Fittings Test Tee]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, a small slit or pre-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. Finally,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Amber Ceramic Glass.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(first tab)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theH Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, cross-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cable Protection Conduit-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser CuttingVex.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combinationshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAPI 6A Good Quality Plug Valves. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color).Women High Waist Belly Control Pants,σT,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(see Section 2.3).[250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-parallel to the print.
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Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Cross-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.3, and are displayed inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWood-Grain and Powder Coated Aluminum Window Profile. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material, which all had significantly smaller,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. AsTexincreases,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, leading to a stronger weld.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)Vexas shown inCaterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. The influence ofTexandVexKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal ScreenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywoodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A),Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug/or extrusion.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard)).Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, respectively,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.
4 Conclusions
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube-AM.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
