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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle–OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container–Kc Ks JIS 10K 20K Industry Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 CF8 CF8m Carbon Steel Lift (Voiceless) Check Valve Manufacturer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.[ Printed]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)–Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.[1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,Outdoor Night Light Bulbs,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[3.7*60 Concrete Nails,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.[m.bestcontactor.com,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew–High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.[Prepainted Steel Coil Color Coated Aluminium Coil for Roofing Sheet,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer] However,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-AM has not been reported.
Here,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.
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Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(MakerBot Industries2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes).Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. The schematic shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.
Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. (a)YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. (b)Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.[12V Red LED Racing Car Engine Start Push Button Ignition Switch Panel Toggle Hot]PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, a small slit or pre-High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.. Finally,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,LED Module 25W 3000K.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady(first tab)Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theStock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, cross-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery MachineVex.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inR404A Refrigerant Commercial Deep Freezer Cryogenic Freezer Chicken Blast Freezer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price).Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens,σT,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(see Section 2.3).[Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-parallel to the print.
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Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine. Cross-OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.3, and are displayed inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inldkchina. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage, which all had significantly smaller,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic LockTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. AsTexincreases,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery AccessoriesVexas shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.
Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water TreatmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use/or extrusion.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings)).Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, respectively,Spacer CNC Machining Parts.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
4 Conclusions
0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650),AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849-AM.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.
Acknowledgments
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
