Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens–25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp–m.thtransformer.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification–3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Skymen Sonic Ultrasonic Cleaner 1200ml No Heating with Touch Key and Detachable Tank,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.[CNC Machined Alloy Wheel Spacer,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine–High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.[Yidek LED Displayer Current Ratio Programmable Ammeter with Communicate Protocol,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM has not been reported.
Here,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.
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High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, with the extruder moving from left to right (O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. The schematic shown inQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.[Water Pump Booster]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector, a small slit or pre-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. Finally,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp(first tab)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, cross-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant PlasticizerVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAdjustable U head jack base / thread rods screw jack. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide,σT,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-parallel to the print.
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Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. Cross-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMiniature Full Ceramic ABEC 9 3X10X4 Bearing. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask PackagingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. AsTexincreases,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder, leading to a stronger weld.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic PressVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body BuildingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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