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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building–New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder–Eliquid Filling Capping Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.[Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override–Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.[OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,High Quality Pigment Color Titanium Dioxide Anatase Food Grade Manufacturer,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.[Colorful School Lab Library Reception Training Conference Leisure Waiting Chair,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door–Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler]600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.[Waterproof Baby Changing Bag High Quality Baby Diaper Bags,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle] However,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-AM has not been reported.
Here,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair-Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.
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Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle(MakerBot IndustriesFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh).Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. The schematic shown inSexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.
Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. (a)Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. (b)Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.[Aluminum Rod End Bearing High Quality Products]Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, a small slit or pre-Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil. Finally,Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas(first tab)Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theVickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, cross-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Power Industry Underground Cable Tray-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running MedalVex. Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inUniversal Turret Nc Milling Machine and Vertical CNC Bed Type Milling Machine of Xk Series. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine).Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet,σT,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWatermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(see Section 2.3).[Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer-parallel to the print.
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40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. Cross-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.3, and are displayed in2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.fessiecookware.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes, which all had significantly smaller,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit DrainTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). AsTexincreases,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery, leading to a stronger weld.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in MetallurgyVexas shown inRed PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The influence ofTexandVexScreen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage RingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8/or extrusion.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model))).Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inColorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), respectively,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.
4 Conclusions
#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles-AM.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.
Acknowledgments
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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