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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–4mm Tinted Bronze Float Glass Manufacture High Quality Supplier] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Vape Cbd Kit, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.[Boom Spray Pump,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.[Filling Machine Thailand,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-AM has not been reported.
Here,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07),Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.
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Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer).Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Waterproof Melamine Chipboard, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.[Air Cooling Desktop Laser Marking Machine for Non Metal Towel]Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, a small slit or pre-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. Finally,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water(first tab)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, cross-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch BuildingsVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMeeting Hotel Use 120 Inch Polyester Table Cloth. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine,σT,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory:
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2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging,Needle for Crochet Machine. Cross-Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.3, and are displayed in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Light up Shoes Accessories Multicolor LED Light Strip for Shoes. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, which all had significantly smaller,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel PipeTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. AsTexincreases,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip, leading to a stronger weld.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric ScooterVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.
Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding MachieryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration-AM.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
