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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–China Dust Cyclone Filter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Glass Mosaic Coating Machine,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.[Livestock Fence,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.[Wholesale Industrial Jumbo Roll Toilet Paper,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-AM has not been reported.
Here,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley-Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.
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2.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials
High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, with the extruder moving from left to right (7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing).China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. The schematic shown inPharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. (a)Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. (b)0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.[Rfid Sticker Reader]Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, a small slit or pre-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. Finally,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(first tab)Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, cross-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder WholesaleVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inKERONG Intelligent Electric Digital Combination Password Gun Cabinet Gym Locker Safe Box Wireless APP Drawer Locks. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs,σT,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBaby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-parallel to the print.
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Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). Cross-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inInterlock Knitted Breathable Antimicrobial Jacquard Moisture Wicking Mesh Knitting Fabric. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light ManufacturerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. AsTexincreases,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard, leading to a stronger weld.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed TrailerVexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle PartsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog/or extrusion.[ School]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inChina Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders, respectively,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. This measurement technique is a straightforward,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine-AM.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.
Acknowledgments
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
