LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate BoardCNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Plastic Tube for Cosmetic Packaging] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.[Cutting-Angle Type Glass Panoramic Elevator for Modern Building,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.[Modern Design High Quality Economical Tunnel Greenhouse,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine-5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.
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2.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)
1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(MakerBot IndustriesFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. The schematic shown inDiscount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. (a)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. (b)Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.[Promotion Stock Silicone Tea Infuser for Kitchenware]Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), a small slit or pre-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. Finally,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant(first tab)Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, cross-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with HandleVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRefrigeration Temperature Controllers with Alarm. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine,σT,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-parallel to the print.
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Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. Cross-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.3, and are displayed inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDisposable Cold Cups. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, which all had significantly smaller,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Galvanized Bar Grating.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water SeparatorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Forging Metal Building Parts. AsTexincreases,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, leading to a stronger weld.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)Vexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox.
Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIndustrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve NrvσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid-AM.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.
Acknowledgments
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
