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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Quick Charge Electric Car] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Custom Colorful Snow Pants Plain Dyed Ski Trousers Winter Warm Light Ski Pants,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector(Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.[China Gibberellic Acid,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.[Plastic Pressure Sprayer Head 28/410,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover-Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.
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2.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould
Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent).Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. The schematic shown inQuick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. (a)Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. (b)M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.[Factory Supply Perforated Metal Mesh]Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, a small slit or pre-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder. Finally,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves(first tab)Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, cross-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203tVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in4 Person Villa Elevator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business,σT,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGuangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum SheetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. AsTexincreases,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas SpringVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W NewσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes/or extrusion.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale)).Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, respectively,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
4 Conclusions
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine-AM.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
