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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–m.usbcmaster.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Pdlc Smart Film Black,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)(for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.[Electronic Power Pcl Control System Temperature Humidity Test Machine/Chamber,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.[China Manufacturer Single Use Blue Hospital Reinforced Surgical Gown with Knitted Cuff,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-AM has not been reported.
Here,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.
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Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower).2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. The schematic shown inCa Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.
Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). (a)DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. (b)Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.[High Low Temperature Thermal Shock Test Machine]2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, a small slit or pre-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder. Finally,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)(first tab)Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, cross-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type InverterVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inElectric Door Sealing Strip Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar,σT,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438-parallel to the print.
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PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer),Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. Cross-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.3, and are displayed in48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrehung MDF Finished Interior Smooth Wood Melamine HDF Door (JHK-MD14). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame, which all had significantly smaller,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T ShirtTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. AsTexincreases,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank, leading to a stronger weld.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on MachineryVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.
Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet PedalsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine/or extrusion.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder]4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting)).12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, respectively,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
4 Conclusions
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. This measurement technique is a straightforward,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer-AM.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
