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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-1.5E)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Grade 8.8 Carbon Steel Hot DIP Galvanized Hex Bolts/Hex Head Bolts with Hex Nut,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.[Power Bank,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.[China Domino With Tin Box,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-AM has not been reported.
Here,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.
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Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder).Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. The schematic shown inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. (a)AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets. (b)Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.[Magical 5 Years Warranty DJ Stage Equipment Changeble Pixel RGB Addressable LED Panel Christmas Decorations Christmas Light LED Lighting]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, a small slit or pre-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. Finally,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438(first tab)Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, cross-Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5AVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGood User Reputation for Interlocking Brick Machine - AC1412-SM - Zhuohui. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food,σT,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-parallel to the print.
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4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. Cross-12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift.3, and are displayed inSinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustomizable Size Standing Light Shade Manufacturers Cheap Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather, which all had significantly smaller,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine FormingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. AsTexincreases,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, leading to a stronger weld.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball CapVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVex10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite BlockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level/or extrusion.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)]API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag)).Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer, respectively,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
4 Conclusions
Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt-AM.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
