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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale–Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater–Cheap Goods From China 35kv 66kv 110kv High Voltage Transformer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.[Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad–Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).[Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,Aviation Silk Eye Mask with Logo Sleep Mask Inflight,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.[China Ultrasonic Quilting Machine,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches–Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male]21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.[Compressor Bracket,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size] However,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube-AM has not been reported.
Here,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.
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2.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels
Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(MakerBot IndustriesDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines]Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. The schematic shown inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.
Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. (a)CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. (b)4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.[Aisi316l Wire Mesh]Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, a small slit or pre-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046. Finally,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube(first tab)LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, cross-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed LeggingsVex.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNylon Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWhey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China).High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,σT,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPrice Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou(see Section 2.3).[Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-parallel to the print.
3.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes
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Representative cross-Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas PipelineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing. AsTexincreases,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer, leading to a stronger weld.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mmVexas shown inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. The influence ofTexandVex3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.
Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTV3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Pricewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price-AM.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
