Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O RingStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–Sae Adapters] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,Agriculture Drive Shaft,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.[Power Bank 30000mah Solar Panel,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.[China Oak Mirror,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.
Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019
2.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel
Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, with the extruder moving from left to right (G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels).Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. The schematic shown inHeat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. (a)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip. (b)Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.[Crack Resistant PP Twisted Fiber for Airport Runway Reinforced]Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, a small slit or pre-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. Finally,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(first tab)80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, cross-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control SystemVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSuoer Multifunctional Fan Desk Lamp Rechargeable Light with Good Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector,σT,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-parallel to the print.
3.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread. Cross-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.3, and are displayed inTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAccess Control System Factory OEM/ODM Products. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring HarnessTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. AsTexincreases,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, leading to a stronger weld.Manufactor of Pillow Block BearingVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment/or extrusion.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump(Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine)).Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inShrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, respectively,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
4 Conclusions
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. This measurement technique is a straightforward,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc-AM.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.
Acknowledgments
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
