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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Yzul Series Adjustable Centrifugal Force Electric Vibrator Motor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,m.ironwiremeshfactory.com,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.[Zoreya Z81 New Design 1PCS Professional Nylon Hair Customized Foundation Blush Powder Makeup Brush Brush,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.[Tractor Mounted Beach Cleaning Equipment Large Size,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House.
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Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet).Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. The schematic shown in1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). (a)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. (b)Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.[Fabric Roller Blinds]30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, a small slit or pre-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. Finally,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(first tab)Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, cross-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park PlaygroundVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStand Up Plastic Food Bags. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes,σT,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-parallel to the print.
3.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. Cross-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLarge Diameter Flanges Factory & Manufacturer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, which all had significantly smaller,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. AsTexincreases,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, leading to a stronger weld.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge TubeVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexHoliauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLED Module 25W 3000KσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning/or extrusion.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube)).Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, respectively,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
4 Conclusions
FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing-AM.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.
Acknowledgments
Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
