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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–240W Solar Wind Hybrid Street Lighting System for Highway] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Fertilizer Cooler,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.[New Xgma 5 Ton Front Wheel Loader Price Xg953h for Sale,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.[Computerized Sock Knitting Machine with Invisible Sock,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use-Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.
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2.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold
Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, with the extruder moving from left to right (Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine).33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. The schematic shown inOEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.
Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. (a)Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet. (b)Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.[55mm Smart Cap for 18.9L 19L 20L 3 Gallon 5 Gallon Water Bottle Jar]20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel, a small slit or pre-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. Finally,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine(first tab)Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, cross-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk QuiltVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOutlet Transmission Tunnel Sheet Metal Stamping Parts for Car. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine,σT,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-parallel to the print.
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5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Cross-Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGet What You Want Book Printing Custom. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved, which all had significantly smaller,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket KitTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. AsTexincreases,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts, leading to a stronger weld.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt ConveyorVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.
Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTYCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3DσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards-Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent-AM.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.
Acknowledgments
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
