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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Quilted Fabric Waste & Foam Cutting Machine Bc1007] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,www.sajoo-switch.com,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Galvanized Bar Grating(Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.[Sexy C-String Models For Women,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Forging Metal Building Parts,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm.[500ml Beer Bottles,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.
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2.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector).Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. The schematic shown inCoffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. (a)Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. (b)Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.[A70 Wireless 2.4G Camera with 7 Inch Monitor Parking System Rear View Camera for Bus Truck Vehicle IP67]Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, a small slit or pre-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. Finally,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console(first tab)Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, cross-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking LockVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChinese Supplier Recessed 11 Watt LED COB Down Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings,σT,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries..Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-parallel to the print.
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5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. Cross-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inQuick Pharmacy Pregnancy Tests. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, which all had significantly smaller,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel FrameTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. AsTexincreases,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes, leading to a stronger weld.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim MetalVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexNewest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.
5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric GeneratorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames/or extrusion.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less)). IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater, respectively,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray.
4 Conclusions
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer-AM.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
