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Addit Manuf.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Engineered Stone Quartz Slabs

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Pulp Cleaning

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Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings

Abstract

Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–ERW Steel Pipe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,China Metal Core Alu Pcb,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.[www.jxmelamine.com,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.[Armoured Power Cable Size,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price-AM has not been reported.

Here,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.

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2.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120

Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir).API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. The schematic shown inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. (a)Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. (b)Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.[Dp Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine]Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, a small slit or pre-Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Galvanized Bar Grating. Finally,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Forging Metal Building Parts(first tab)Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, cross-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting MachineVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPrinting Quality Control Equipment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe,σT,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-parallel to the print.

3.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof

Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. Cross-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDoor Handles. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-PoleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. AsTexincreases,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag, leading to a stronger weld.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator PriceVexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVex4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCompression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle SupportσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag/or extrusion.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder)).Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSteel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019, respectively,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.

4 Conclusions

Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings,Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents-AM.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.

Acknowledgments

5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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