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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–HD Surveillancewifi IP Network Infrared Baby Monitor Smart Wireless Camera] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,New High Quality Mens Jacquard Paisley Custom Silk Tie,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film(G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.[PTFE Spring Energized Seal,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.[CNC Router Machine Woodworking Router 3D CNC Wood Carving,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-AM has not been reported.
Here,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb,Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108-25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed.
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2.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring
Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley).Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. The schematic shown in2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers. (a)Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. (b)2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.[steel-structural]Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, a small slit or pre-with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Finally,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing(first tab)New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, cross-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for HondaVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDMS 300 Holter ECG Cable 7 Lead Wires DIN 1.5. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace,σT,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-parallel to the print.
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Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. Cross-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOffice Workstation Parts/Fittings/Accessories. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy StorageTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. AsTexincreases,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, leading to a stronger weld.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent GradeVexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVexPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light ManufacturerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration-AM.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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