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Addit Manuf.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Heavy Welding Blanket Fiberglass Cloth Ht1700

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Abstract

Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–Sling Chair] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,Naoh For Detergent,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.[FRP Galvanized Steel Ladder Type and Wire Mesh Aluminum Alloy Perforated Cable Tray,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]Cbd Extraction and Purification Process,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.[RO Membrane 4040 Housing,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM has not been reported.

Here,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag-1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.

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wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).3.7*60 Concrete Nails, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape).OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. The schematic shown inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. (a)Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). (b)PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.[Canton Fair High Quality Corrugated Roofing Sheet High Rib Roof Sheet Making Machine]Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81, a small slit or pre-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Finally,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!(first tab)0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes, cross-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold RepairingVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHydraulic Wood Splitter Fast Log Splitter 32/40 Ton Gasoline. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women,σT,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm-parallel to the print.

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Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System. Cross-High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFRP Winding Machine Produce Intergral Septic Tank. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished, which all had significantly smaller,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

10.4inch Industrial TabletTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors. AsTexincreases,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable PhoneVexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVexMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill/or extrusion.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Croygenic Lift Check Valve(High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder)).Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inElectric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, respectively,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.

4 Conclusions

Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price-AM.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).

Chicken Coop Shanghai

Supplementary Material

Tear Video

Acknowledgments

AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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