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Addit Manuf.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting
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PMID:Dahua 4K Starlight Hdcvi IR Eyeball CCTV Camera Suppliers Waterproof Surveillance Digital Video Camera (HAC-HDW2802T-Z-A/HAC-HDW2802T-Z-A-DP)

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Abstract

All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–Fashion Mesh Shoes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,co2 fire extinguisher,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.[China Cheap Prefabricated Steel Structure Building Mobile Aircraft Hangar for Sale,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.[insharevape,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-AM has not been reported.

Here,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.

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PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor).Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. The schematic shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. (a)Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. (b)Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.[OEM Passenger Footpeg Mounting Brackets Mounts Footpeg Parts Motorcycles]Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, a small slit or pre-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. Finally,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts(first tab)ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, cross-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running ShoesVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inforoureyes. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine,σT,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arYCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case-parallel to the print.

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Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. Cross-PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in100*70 Cm 100% Cotton Plush Fleece Baby Blanket for Baby Girls and Baby Boys Blanket. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, which all had significantly smaller,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-LED Module 25W 3000K.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control HeadTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. AsTexincreases,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, leading to a stronger weld.Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric TarpVexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVexBulk Washing Powder Detergent.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml/or extrusion.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder)).Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, respectively,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.

4 Conclusions

Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage-AM.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.

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Supplementary Material

Tear Video

Acknowledgments

High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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