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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine–Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig–Process Monitoring] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.[Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring–Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.[High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals,Good Quality Enameled Cooking Pot,LED Module 25W 3000K] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.[Shop Lights,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package–Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts]Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.[Outdoor Led Wall Light,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale] However,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine-OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.
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2.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler
Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(MakerBot IndustriesColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, with the extruder moving from left to right (5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose).165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. The schematic shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.
HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. (a)Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. (b)Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.[OEM/ODM Lipgloss Make Your Own Super Shining Waterproof Lip Gloss]Spacer CNC Machining Parts, a small slit or pre-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. Finally,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table(first tab)300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, cross-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best QualityVex.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisexshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOEM Custom Plastic Injection Molding Parts & Plastic Mould Maker. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory).Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway,σT,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustomized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(see Section 2.3).[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory-parallel to the print.
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High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. Cross-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.3, and are displayed in155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality Blue Colored Aluminum Foil for Cable Shielding. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders, which all had significantly smaller,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely CombinationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAutomatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. AsTexincreases,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, leading to a stronger weld.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)Vexas shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold. The influence ofTexandVexRubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEMσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch-AM.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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