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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–Aluminum Extruded Seamless Tubes (2014/2017/2A12/2024)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.[ Wet Napkin Machine,6x6x5mm Smd Switch,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.[As3996,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.[Flexible RGB LED Star Display for Events Decoration,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-AM has not been reported.
Here,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat-Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.
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High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price).100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. The schematic shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. (a)Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. (b)Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.[Hebei Fastener Hex Bolt M36 DIN933 DIN934]All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, a small slit or pre-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine. Finally,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge(first tab)Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, cross-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar BracketVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBlack 10.9 Grade Allen Bolt High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine,σT,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-parallel to the print.
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Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Cross-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.3, and are displayed inAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLgb Ferrite Core Inductor for PC. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture, which all had significantly smaller,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25mTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. AsTexincreases,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels, leading to a stronger weld.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for RoomVexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.
AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover OvershoesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine-AM.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.
Acknowledgments
Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
