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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board-Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–Latest Dress Designs For Ladies] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Auto Tools High Quality Supplier,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.[m.pointsourcingservices.com,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.[www.ruichirobot.com,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-AM has not been reported.
Here,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System- IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.
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2.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine
Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, with the extruder moving from left to right (12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter).Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. The schematic shown inLow Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.
Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. (a)Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. (b)Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.[Mesh Warp Knitting Fabric]Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, a small slit or pre-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Finally,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen(first tab)Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, cross-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster PumpVex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inWomen′s Square Corner Framed Sun Glasses (M11693). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7,σT,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-parallel to the print.
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Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. Cross-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Laser Level Tools. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch, which all had significantly smaller,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Amber Ceramic Glass. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
NPK fertilizer pellet mill machineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, leading to a stronger weld.Cable Protection ConduitVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSeamless Sports Legging for Womenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower/or extrusion.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator)).Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, respectively,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
4 Conclusions
Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay-AM.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
