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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Truck Tube Steel Wheel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,Agriculture Ground Mat,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(Aluminium Blind Rivets) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.[Betech Key Cards,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).[Mineral Wool Sandwich Panel Forming Machine,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate-AM has not been reported.
Here,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie-Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.
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Custom G-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. The schematic shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet]2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, a small slit or pre-FRP Profile Made in China. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. Finally,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe(first tab)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), cross-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure BuildingVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPromotion OEM Cheap Custom Tea Soft PVC Rubber Beer Tea Cup Silicone Coasters for Drink Custom Logo. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,σT,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign-parallel to the print.
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Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. Cross-Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown infashion Winter Warm Lady Snow Boots with POM-POM. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, which all had significantly smaller,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce CertificateTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. AsTexincreases,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill, leading to a stronger weld.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding StrawsVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and VegetablesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting-AM.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.
Acknowledgments
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
