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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China–Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch–SEAT] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.[10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Men′s Classic Hoodie–2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.[Galvanized Bar Grating,2d Barcode Scanner,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.[Custom Baby Sippy Cup,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book–Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine]Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.[Fangtai PE High & Low-Pressure Blowing Film Machine,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale] However,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-AM has not been reported.
Here,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z,3.7*60 Concrete Nails.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape-OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).
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Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool(MakerBot IndustriesXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine).Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. The schematic shown inSHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. (a)900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. (b)Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.[High Power Digital Ultrasonic Plastic Soldering Equipment for Filter Bag Welding]Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, a small slit or pre-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine. Finally,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace(first tab)Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, cross-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, WaterproofVex.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Netshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCe RoHS 90mins Fire Rated GU10 Fire Effect LED Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminium Spigot Lighting Truss).Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator,σT,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(see Section 2.3).[PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. AsTexincreases,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price, leading to a stronger weld.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000WVexas shown inFeed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. The influence ofTexandVexYulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gownwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000),AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head-AM.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.
Acknowledgments
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
