Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Round Bottle Sticker Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,100% New Hdpe White Bale Net Wrap,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).[Central Machinery Parts,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.[Kids Pad,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-AM has not been reported.
Here,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type-Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.
99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building
2.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry
High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket, with the extruder moving from left to right (Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve).3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Galvanized Bar Grating, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Forging Metal Building Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). The schematic shown inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox.
Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. (a)Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. (b)Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.[865mhz-868mhz Car Bomb Detector]High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal, a small slit or pre-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. Finally,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse(first tab)S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, cross-Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending MachineVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in22w T8 Led Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag,σT,30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-parallel to the print.
3.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. Cross-Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUcp 209 Bearing. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock, which all had significantly smaller,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with SwivelsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe). AsTexincreases,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings, leading to a stronger weld.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote BagVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVex63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White.
Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLow Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air VentsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting/or extrusion.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6)).Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter, respectively,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
4 Conclusions
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This measurement technique is a straightforward,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator-AM.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
