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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–Disinfectant Carbon Dioxide] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),SS304/SS316 Rotary Type Automatic Mechanical Coarse or Fine Bar Screen,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.[Customized Steel Toe Safety Shoes,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.[Mould Steel Plate Material 1.2344/AISI H13/JIS SKD61 for Nitrided Thimble,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-AM has not been reported.
Here,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector-China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box.
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2.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device
Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication).Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. The schematic shown inHex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. (a)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine. (b)Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.[www.changshanfabric.com]1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, a small slit or pre-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. Finally,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film(first tab)Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, cross-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Amber Ceramic GlassVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPVC Plastic Plate Machine PVC Free Foam Plate Extrusion Line. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cable Protection Conduit.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting,σT,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-parallel to the print.
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Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. Cross-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDiesel Fuel Pump Parts C7/C9 Injector Middle Plate 13.5/17.5. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, which all had significantly smaller,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. AsTexincreases,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material, leading to a stronger weld.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand LampVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTThree Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen, respectively,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02-AM.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
