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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–m.realtopmachinery.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Wholesale 1-2mm 2-4mm 3-5mm 4-6mm Sphere Desiccant Activated Alumina,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.[Disposable Steriled Medical Carbon Steel Surgical Blade,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.[City Scooter Tire,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-AM has not been reported.
Here,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300),Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New-40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.
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Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood).Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy. The schematic shown inScreen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. (a)10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. (b)Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.[Hot Sale Polypeptides Ghrp-6 10mg/Vial Pharmaceutical Peptides Weight Loss Ghrp-6]Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, a small slit or pre-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4. Finally,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E(first tab)1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, cross-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade DeburrerVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPrivate 3.0 Inch 1296p Dual Camera Car Video Recorder Dash Cam with Good Night Vision Adas Function Car DVR. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts,σT,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)-parallel to the print.
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2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. Cross-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGold Designs Long Tassel Drop Earrings Swarovski Elements. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment, which all had significantly smaller,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen HolderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity. AsTexincreases,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet, leading to a stronger weld.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)Vexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.
High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding, respectively,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe-AM.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.
Acknowledgments
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
