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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Best Selling Desk Lamp High Quality Products] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Automatic EVA Puzzle Polyurethane Foam Cutting Machine,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.[Sitting Room Carpet,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.[Marathon Motor Bearings, Anodized 92510-2] However,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.
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2.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile
USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, with the extruder moving from left to right (Security Padlock).XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. The schematic shown in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.
Seamless Sports Legging for Women. (a)LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. (b)Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.[Fibc Bulk Bags]0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, a small slit or pre-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. Finally,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stackable Syringe Pump.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale(first tab)up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, cross-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton HoodieVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDouble Coil Magnetic Latching Relay. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,σT,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWaste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-parallel to the print.
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Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Cross-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAgricultural Utility Model Rod-Spray Machine Hung Onto Roller Tractor. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture, which all had significantly smaller,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB DesignTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. AsTexincreases,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy NeedleVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexJinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.
Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories-AM.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.
Acknowledgments
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
