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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Custom Printed Corrugated Boxes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F),SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[Large Damping Compression Spring for Industrial Machinery,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.[ASTM A182 F1 Alloy Steel Socket Welding Flange,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-AM has not been reported.
Here,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.
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New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog).Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. The schematic shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.[Electric Actuated Gate Valve]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, a small slit or pre-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Finally,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work(first tab)Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, cross-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical DrillingVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Needle for Crochet Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAdjustable Knee Brace Support. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves,σT,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. AsTexincreases,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll, leading to a stronger weld.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood LightingVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement DoorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine-AM.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.
Acknowledgments
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
