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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.[ Wet Napkin Machine,100% Virgin Food Grade Brown Kraft Paper Reel,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.[DIN7982 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Self-Drilling Tapping Screws Grade10.9,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.[Electrical Meter Terminal Blocks,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts-Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.
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2.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring
YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, with the extruder moving from left to right (Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches).Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. The schematic shown inHoliauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. (a)LED Module 25W 3000K.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. (b)Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.[Low Energy 100kw Ultrafine 5000 Mesh 2.5um Output 4t/H Built-in Air Classifier Auto Micron Powder Grinding Mill Machine]Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, a small slit or pre-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy. Finally,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce(first tab)CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, cross-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for MenVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRecycling Granulation Machine Line. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price,σT,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for BoilerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. AsTexincreases,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, leading to a stronger weld.Spacer CNC Machining PartsVexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men HoodiesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650),AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
