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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–Stainless Steel Butt Weld SAE Flange Counter Flange with 3000psi.] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.[ Wet Napkin Machine,Agricultural Film Blowing Machine,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.[Concrete Mixer Supplier,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts,Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).[Signal Surge Protector,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-AM has not been reported.
Here,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or-Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.
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Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, with the extruder moving from left to right (Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01).18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. The schematic shown inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.
China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. (a)Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. (b)Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.[Commercial Scale Chili Sauce Processing and Bottle Filling Machines in SUS 304/316 Material]Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, a small slit or pre-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. Finally,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine(first tab)Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, cross-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mmVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRfid Library Sticker. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,σT,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body BuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. AsTexincreases,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing, leading to a stronger weld.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring GasketVexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGalvanized Bar GratingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator,Forging Metal Building Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
