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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–Nylon Industrial Plug And Socket] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.[ Wet Napkin Machine,Aisi 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Price,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.[Led Dance Floor,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.[Drain Pe Corrugated Pipe Suppliers for Sale,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.
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2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip).Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. The schematic shown inSafety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. (a)Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. (b)Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.[Manufacturer Supply Na2co3 Soda Ash Dense/Sodium Carbonate with Low Price]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), a small slit or pre-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. Finally,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(first tab)Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, cross-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel ClipsVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.qj-ec.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z,σT,3.7*60 Concrete Nails:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-parallel to the print.
3.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool
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Representative cross-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for DetergentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. AsTexincreases,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81Vexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma FunctionσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
