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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–Cable Displayport Suppliers for Sale] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.[ Wet Napkin Machine,2oz Resistant Glass Jar,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.[Anti-Slip Home Floor Cover Vinyl Tile PVC Plastic Floor Wall Decor,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.[Blow Molding Traduccion,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-AM has not been reported.
Here,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.
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2.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)
Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, with the extruder moving from left to right (DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools).Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. The schematic shown inWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. (a)Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. (b)Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.[Helical Gearbox Bevel-Helical Gearbox Bucket Elevator Gearbox]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, a small slit or pre-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. Finally,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House(first tab)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, cross-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning JarVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Amber Ceramic Glass.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Interlocking Garage Floor. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine,σT,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Cable Protection Conduit.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality-parallel to the print.
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New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. Cross-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.3, and are displayed inAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in1/2 Hydraulic Socket Plug. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower, which all had significantly smaller,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. AsTexincreases,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory, leading to a stronger weld.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home UseVexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSilicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket MaterialσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500/or extrusion.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant)).OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, respectively,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.
4 Conclusions
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A),Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig-AM.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.
Acknowledgments
Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
