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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine–High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment–Portable Sf6 Gas Water Contest Test Moisture Meter /Dew Point Tester] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.[Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory–9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.[ Wet Napkin Machine,LiFePO4 Marine RV Energy Storage Solar 12V 300ah Lithium Battery,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.[Airless Pump Bottle,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings–Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.[Hw-818 Commercial Food Heating Warmer Display Cabinet,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine] However,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.
Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet
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IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(MakerBot IndustriesLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Aluminium Blind Rivets, with the extruder moving from left to right (Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite).China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. The schematic shown inBulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. (a)New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070. (b)Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.[Horizontal Multifunction Manufacture Locksmith Tools]LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, a small slit or pre-Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. Finally,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale(first tab)Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, cross-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom VanityVex.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Sealsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.FRP Profile Made in China(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSingfiller Acido Hialuronico Filler for Face Body and Lip Beauty. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.[Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSilk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady).10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment,σT,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(see Section 2.3).[Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01]Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-parallel to the print.
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Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm. Cross-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.3, and are displayed inAgricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Promotion 90 Degree Shower Door Glass Partition Brace Partition Accessories Shower Door Glass Clips. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, which all had significantly smaller,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Rapid Prototyping for Plastic PartsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. AsTexincreases,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, leading to a stronger weld.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board SignVexas shown in75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction MachineryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inColorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1/or extrusion.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs]Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant)).Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inJiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, respectively,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.
4 Conclusions
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag-AM.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.
Acknowledgments
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
