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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size–Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines–www.yinghuifloor.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business–Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,Container House Design,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box(Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Litchi Pattern Durable Poromeric Soft Mock PVC/PU Leather for Furniture Sofa Chair Seat Cover Hand Bag Home Textile,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film–Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes,FRP Profile Made in China.[Pe Desiccant Masterbatch,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-AM has not been reported.
Here,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.
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2.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)
Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, with the extruder moving from left to right (2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. The schematic shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.
Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. (a)Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. (b)Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery.[Chandelier Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, a small slit or pre-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. Finally,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(first tab)Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, cross-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and VegetablesVex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAir Cast Air-Stirrup Ankle Brace Support. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip,σT,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-parallel to the print.
3.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. Cross-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.3, and are displayed inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGirls Sexy Short Sexy Skirt. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting, which all had significantly smaller,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). AsTexincreases,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling TowerVexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVexColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.
High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter PowderσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.3.7*60 Concrete Nails. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape-AM.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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