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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–Solar Powered String Fairy Palla Luce LED Da Giardino Esterno Lampada Di Rer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Wooden Fast Wireless Charger Stand for Smart Phone,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.[Roasted and Salted Pumpkin Seeds,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.[Compact Tractor Cultivator Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap-Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.
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High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, with the extruder moving from left to right (Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou).Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. The schematic shown inCoated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21). (a)Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System. (b)Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.[Pipe Roll Forming Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, a small slit or pre-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099. Finally,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge(first tab)Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, cross-Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam MattressVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in200W UFO LED Highbay Light for Warehouse Industrial. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price,σT,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V.Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-parallel to the print.
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Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. Cross-Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNeedle Knitting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell, which all had significantly smaller,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation DeviceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. AsTexincreases,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light, leading to a stronger weld.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or TunnelingVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexSet Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.
33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElectric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48VσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor-AM.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush.
Acknowledgments
Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
