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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Tabletop Dumpling Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,Jet Flow Agitator (PerMix,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.[300t Polyester Pongee Printed Fabric to Reflect Light,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc),3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.[m.shiningtech-resin.com,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel-AM has not been reported.
Here,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.
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2.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle
Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, with the extruder moving from left to right (Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding).1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. The schematic shown in10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.
High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer. (a)High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. (b)Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.[30 Ton 50 Ton Rear Dumper Semi Trailer Man Diesel Dump Truck Price for Sale]Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, a small slit or pre-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. Finally,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(first tab)1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, cross-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s BagVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLlanta Motocicleta De Tres Ruedas. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,σT,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-parallel to the print.
3.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. Cross-Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFactory Wholesale Personalized Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Crystal Bracelet for Girl. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, which all had significantly smaller,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAuto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air CompressorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G),Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Forging Metal Building Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
