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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels–Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design–Backpack Weeder Gasoline Tiller] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.[Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)–Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.[Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,China Lifting Small Hoist,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.[Hot Selling Pre Galvanized Square Steel Pipe/ Galvanised Fence Square/Rectangular Tube for Construction,Needle for Crochet Machine,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,304–a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.[USB Type C to 3.5mm Male Audio Adapter for mobile phone,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer] However,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-AM has not been reported.
Here,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery.
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2.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine
Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(MakerBot IndustriesSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, with the extruder moving from left to right (20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor).Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. The schematic shown in10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.
Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. (a)Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8. (b)EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).[m.sycooler.com]for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge, a small slit or pre-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. Finally,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding(first tab)304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, cross-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement MarkerVex.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRound Elbow Maker Machine High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding,σT,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCa Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(see Section 2.3).[North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-parallel to the print.
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Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment. Cross-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.3, and are displayed inPacking Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in14 Inch Lcd Tv Suppliers for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, which all had significantly smaller,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm PetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in DIN. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). AsTexincreases,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, leading to a stronger weld.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV CertificateVexas shown inSuzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The influence ofTexandVex4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage TransformerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Castingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets/or extrusion.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building)).Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, respectively,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.
4 Conclusions
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear-AM.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.
Acknowledgments
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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