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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men
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Abstract
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration–Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag–Tall Glass Plant Terrarium Stand with Gold Metal Frame for Tabletop Curio Case/Shadow Box] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.[Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag–Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.[Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119),Floor Ground Grid Net Bumper Car,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.[CXJ-6040C Hualian Automatic Folding Carton Erecting Machine,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit–Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery]Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.[beer glass bottle,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)] However,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles-AM has not been reported.
Here,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.
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Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(MakerBot IndustriesFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper).PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). The schematic shown inRubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. (a)2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. (b)32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.[Fiber Clutch Plates]Croygenic Swing Check Valve, a small slit or pre-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. Finally,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera(first tab)Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, cross-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy ResinVex.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bagshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.zonpak.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels).Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,σT,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone(see Section 2.3).[PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.Security Padlock.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-parallel to the print.
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Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0. Cross-China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.3, and are displayed inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLED Flashlight. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp, which all had significantly smaller,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Seamless Sports Legging for Women/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for PromotionTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. AsTexincreases,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, leading to a stronger weld.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft PartVexas shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. The influence ofTexandVexLow Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Bandingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Stackable Syringe Pump/or extrusion.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material)).Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, respectively,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
4 Conclusions
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price-AM.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.
Acknowledgments
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
