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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Laser Cut Cutter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Vegetable Processing Machine,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out(Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.[www.cryspak.com,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.[Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.
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Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, with the extruder moving from left to right (Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110).Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. The schematic shown inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.
Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. (a)Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. (b)Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.[Glass Crates]Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, a small slit or pre-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Finally,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Aluminium Blind Rivets(first tab)Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, cross-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled SteelVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inEthernet Relay Control. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,σT,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arElectric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom VanityTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. AsTexincreases,FRP Profile Made in China, leading to a stronger weld.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes DecorationVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVex75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGood Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic PressσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts-AM.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
