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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Black Heat Insulation Waterproof Nbr Foam Rubber Cheap Rubber Mats] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,China Rental Pickup Truck Crane,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.[Stainless Steel Camlock,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.[Artificial Leather Pu, HiFi Music TV] However,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes-AM has not been reported.
Here,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine.
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12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, with the extruder moving from left to right (ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector).Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. The schematic shown inDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine. (a)Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. (b)China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.[Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point]Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, a small slit or pre-Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Finally,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture(first tab)Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, cross-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Shrink Tunnel for Packing MachineVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.mbkglassjar.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building,σT,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arUL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-parallel to the print.
3.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. Cross-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.zichen-rubber.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Amber Ceramic Glass, which all had significantly smaller,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy AnalyzerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cable Protection Conduit. AsTexincreases,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best QualityVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVexFrench Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).
New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Plastic Toys Mold ManufacturerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants/or extrusion.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine]Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf)).20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price, respectively,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.
4 Conclusions
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500-AM.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
